Inglês VIP

REPORTED SPEECH – Discurso direto e indireto

Há duas formas de se relatar o que alguém disse:

a) Pelo discurso direto (direct speech): quando repetimos o que foi dito usando as mesmas palavras da pessoa.

Ex.:

He said:”I fell well.”

He said:”I’m so confused!!”

• vem entre aspas
• narrador repete exatamente as palavras de quem falou

b) Pelo discurso indireto (indirect speech): quando contamos com nossas próprias palavras o que foi dito.

Ex.:

He said that he felt well.

He said that he was confused

• sem as aspas
• narrador usa as próprias palavras, mas o significado da mensagem permanece o mesmo
• o tempo verbal muda
• há também mudanças em outros componentes da sentença

São dois os verbos mais comuns que introduzem o discurso indireto (reporting verbs / verbos introdutórios), say e tell.

Observe como suas estruturas são diferentes:

Discurso indireto:

He told the teacher (that) the test was very demanding.

He told her he was feeling worn out.

He said he had been under pressure.

NOTE:

Se você disser com quem você está falando, use tell. Caso contrário, use say.

Se você quiser mencionar com quem está falando e estiver usando o verbo say, deverá acrescentar to.

Ex:

He said to Ana

He said to me

He said to them

He said to the boss

Ao relatar o que alguém disse, no discurso indireto, há também mudanças em outros componentes da sentença, tais como o tempo verbal, o advérbio e, às vezes, o pronome.

Veja as mudanças mais freqüentes:

Discurso Direto: She said: “I live in San Francisco.”Simple present

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she lived in San Francisco. Simple Past

Discurso Direto: He said :”She works with me.” Simple present

Discurso Indireto:He said (that) she worked with him. Simple past

Discurso Direto: She said: “I moved here in September.” Simple Past

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had moved there in September. Past Perfect

Discurso Direto: She said: “I’m living in the dorms.” Present Continuous

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she was living in the dorms. Past Continuous

Discurso Direto: He said: “She is working with me.” Present Continuous

Discurso Indireto: He said (that) she was working with him. Past Continuous

Discurso Direto: She said: “I’ve just started school.”Present Perfect

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had just started school. Past Perfect

Discurso Direto: She said:”I’ve been feeling homesick.” Present Perfect Continuous

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had been feeling homesick. Past Perfect Continuous

Discurso Direto: She said:”I’ll stay here for about four weeks.” Simple Future

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she would stay there for about four weeks. Conditional

Modals

Discurso Direto: She said:”I may be able to graduate in three and a half years.”

Discurso Indireto:She said (that) she might be able to graduate in three and a half years.

Discurso Direto: She said:”I have to try and do my best always.”

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had to try and do her best always.

Discurso Direto: She said: “I must call home as often as I can.”

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she had to call home as often as she could.

Discurso Direto: She said:”I ought to take some extra-curricular courses.”

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she ought to take some extra-curricular courses.

Discurso Direto: She said, “I should purchase a second-hand computer.”

Discurso Indireto: She said (that) she should purchase a second-hand computer.

(THAT) – pode ser omitido

NOTE:

1. Se o verbo introdutório do que está sendo relatado estiver no presente, não há mudança no tempo verbal.

Ex:

The weatherman says:”There will be some scattered showers in the afternoon.”

The weatherman says there will be some scattered showers in the afternoon.

2.Há outras situações em que a mudança no tempo verbal é opcional.

a. Quando relatamos algo que acabou de ser dito:

Ex:

Mary: I’m freaking out.

Carl: What did you say?

Mary: I said I’m freaking out.

b. Quando relatamos algo que ainda é verdadeiro.

Ex:

The manager said the paycheck is in the mail.

ou

The manager said the paycheck was in the mail.

c. Quando relatamos uma verdade universal ou lei científica.

ex:

Teacher told his students that water boils at 100o Celsius.

ou

Teacher told his students that water boiled at 100o Celsius.

Modificações que devem ser feitas do discurso direto para o indireto são nas seguintes palavras (expressões de tempo):

Discurso direto – Discurso indireto

now ————————->then

here ————————> there

today ———————–> that day, yesterday

tonight ———————-> that night

yesterday ——————-> the day before

tomorrow ——————–> the next / following day

this week / month / year —-> that week / month / year

Last nigth ——————–> the nigth before

last week / month / year —-> the previous week / month / year

next week / month / year —> the following week / month / year

a year ago ——————-> the year before

I —————————-> he / she

we —————————> they

me —————————> him / her

my —————————> his / her

this ————————–> that

these ————————-> those

This, these ——————-> It, them (quando pronomes)

Uso do infinitivo

Quando se relata um ordem, instrução, sugestão ou pedido usamos o infinitivo.

Ex.:

Direct Speech: He said: “Close the door.”

Reported Speech: He told me to close the door.

Direct Speech: He said: “Don’t close the door.”

Reported Speech: He told me not to close the door.

Direct Speech: Hesaid, “Don’t listen to music in class.”

Reported Speech: He told the students not to listen to music in class.

Direct Speech: He said”Open your books to page 20″.

Reported Speech: He asked them to open their books to page 20.

Direct Speech: He said “Can you please stop talking?”

Reported Speech: He invited/advised them to stop talking.

Direct Speech: He said “Why don’t you sit closer to the board?”

Reported Speech: He invited/advised them to sit closer to the board.

NOTE:

a) Se a ordem ou pedido for para não fazer algo, observe que a negativa é feita colocando-se not antes do infinitivo.

b) Quando se relata uma pergunta, coloca-se a frase na forma afirmativa fazendo as devidas transformações.

Ex.:

She said: Where is Bill?.

She asked where Bill was.

He said: “Is Mary here?”

He asked if Mary was there.

Should, Could, Must, Might e Would não mudam de forma.

Ex.:

She said: “I could go.”

She said that she could go.

Reporting Verbs (Verbos Introdutórios)

Existem outros verbos além de say e tell para introduzir o discurso indireto.

1. Alguns seguem a estrutura do verbo say, ou seja, não é necessário mencionar com quem se está falando. Se você quiser, deverá acrescentar to.

Ex.:

I explained (to John) that it was OK

2. Outros seguem a estrutura do verbo tell, ou seja, menciona-se com quem se está falando conforme a estrutura.

Ex.:

He reminded me that I had an appoitment at three.

3. Em frases que apresentam sugestões:

a) o verbo que introduz o discurso indireto é to suggest.

b) A forma let’s é alterada para we shoud.

Ex.:

He said: “Let’s take her to the park?.

He suggested (that) we should take her to the park.

Reporting Questions

Ex:

Discurso Direto: She asked:”Has the school bus come yet?”

Discurso Indireto: She asked him if / whether the school bus had come.

WH – Questions

Ex:

Discurso Direto: He asked, “Why don’t you open your eyes and see for yourself?”

Discurso Indireto:He asked her why she didn’t open her eyes and see for herself.

NOTES:

1. Podemos notar que quando relatamos perguntas, em geral, o verbo que introduz o reported speech é ask.

2. Yes / No Question -

Quando a pergunta é iniciada com um auxiliar (pergunta cuja resposta será yes ou no), use if / whether.

3. Relatando perguntas, use a ordem de uma sentença afirmativa., e não ordem de pergunta!

Ex:

Direct question: He asked, “Does Lucy take the school bus?”

Indirect question: He asked if Lucy took the school bus.